SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS TRAINING

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5. CONTROLLERS
In this chapter, you will learn
The function of a controller.
Types of controllers and their use.
Controller features especially over discharge protection and few optional features.
Certain beneficial features before specifying a controller.

11.3.1. Lighting
A systematic maintenance schedule allows the PV system user to keep lighting levels as high as
possible without adding to the electric load. The following is a list of recommended design, maintenance, and operations procedures for lighting systems:

Use a single incandescent lamp of higher wattage rather than two or more smaller lamps
whose combined wattages equal the higher wattage lamp.
Discontinue using multi-level lamps where possible. The efficiency of single wattage lamps is
higher per watt than that of a multilevel lamp.
Replace incandescent lamps with more energy conserving types of lighting, such as fluorescent in general purpose areas.
When re-lamping, replace fluorescent lamps with more efficient, lower wattage lamps, such as
a 34-watt lamp instead of a 40-watt lamp.
Consider de-lamping where it is possible, for example in four-lamp fixtures disconnects two
of the lamps.
Lower fixtures to increase illumination levels on task areas. The increased illumination
enables a reduction in the number of fixtures or the required lamp wattage.
Regularly inspect and clean lamps and fixtures. Dust and dirt buildup can reduce unit
effectiveness by as much as 20 percent.
Replace outdated or damaged fixtures with modern, energy efficient types.
Reduce outdoor lighting levels.
Eliminate outdoor lighting where practical.
Install a control device, such as a timer or photocell, to automatically turn off lights when not
needed.
Provide signs instructing occupants to turn off lights when leaving the room.
Consolidate task areas to eliminate unnecessary illumination.
Eliminate single switches that control all the fixtures in multiple workspaces.
Utilize natural lighting whenever possible.
Clean walls and ceilings. Paint or decorate walls with light colours to reflect light.
Install light sensors and dimming equipment that automatically compensates for varying
natural lighting conditions.

11.4. Troubleshooting Common System Faults
The best method for avoiding system failures is to initially install a high quality, properly
designed system. Regular maintenance is the second line of defense against failures. The first
step in troubleshooting photovoltaic power system problems is to save all of the manufacturers’
product literature that comes with each component. This literature should be kept in a handy
location that is protected from weather, chemicals and rats.
The most common system failures are usually the simplest to fix. You should check the system
for fundamental problems first to save a great deal of time. The most common system failures
are blown fuses, tripped breakers, or bad connections. The other common problem is a low or
empty battery bank. The following general troubleshooting checklist for system operation can be completed visually, with the possible exception of the last two Items.

Has the weather been cloudy for several days? If so, system may need recharging.
Check the array for partial shading or dirt.
Check all fuses and circuit breakers.
Check system wiring for loose connections and/or corrosion.
Check system wiring for proper polarity.
Check system for proper system voltage and current.
Check modules and batteries for proper series-parallel configuration.
11.5. Troubleshooting Total System Failure
If the system fails completely, the reason is usually a broken wire, poor connection or controller
failure. There is a need to isolate the fault in the system.
First check the battery charge using a hydrometer or voltmeter.